1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
|
This is what POSIX 2003 says about ps:
By default, ps shall select all processes with the same effective user
ID as the current user and the same controlling terminal as the invoker
ps [-aA][-defl][-G grouplist][-o format]...[-p proclist][-t termlist]
[-U userlist][-g grouplist][-n namelist][-u userlist]
-a Write information for all processes associated with terminals.
Implementations may omit session leaders from this list.
-A Write information for all processes.
-d Write information for all processes, except session leaders.
-e Write information for all processes. (Equivalent to -A.)
-f Generate a full listing. (See the STDOUT section for the con-
tents of a full listing.)
-g grouplist
Write information for processes whose session leaders are given
in grouplist. The application shall ensure that the grouplist is
a single argument in the form of a <blank> or comma-separated
list.
-G grouplist
Write information for processes whose real group ID numbers are
given in grouplist. The application shall ensure that the grou-
plist is a single argument in the form of a <blank> or comma-
separated list.
-l Generate a long listing. (See STDOUT for the contents of a long
listing.)
-n namelist
Specify the name of an alternative system namelist file in place
of the default. The name of the default file and the format of a
namelist file are unspecified.
-o format
Write information according to the format specification given in
format. Multiple -o options can be specified; the format speci-
fication shall be interpreted as the <space>-separated concate-
nation of all the format option-arguments.
-p proclist
Write information for processes whose process ID numbers are
given in proclist. The application shall ensure that the pro-
clist is a single argument in the form of a <blank> or comma-
separated list.
-t termlist
Write information for processes associated with terminals given
in termlist. The application shall ensure that the termlist is a
single argument in the form of a <blank> or comma-separated
list. Terminal identifiers shall be given in an implementation-
defined format. On XSI-conformant systems, they shall be
given in one of two forms: the device's filename (for example,
tty04) or, if the device's filename starts with tty, just the
identifier following the characters tty (for example, "04" ).
-u userlist
Write information for processes whose user ID numbers or login
names are given in userlist. The application shall ensure that
the userlist is a single argument in the form of a <blank> or
comma-separated list. In the listing, the numerical user ID
shall be written unless the -f option is used, in which case the
login name shall be written.
-U userlist
Write information for processes whose real user ID numbers or
login names are given in userlist. The application shall ensure
that the userlist is a single argument in the form of a <blank>
or comma-separated list.
With the exception of -o format, all of the options shown are used to
select processes. If any are specified, the default list shall be
ignored and ps shall select the processes represented by the inclusive
OR of all the selection-criteria options.
The -o option allows the output format to be specified under user con-
trol.
The application shall ensure that the format specification is a list of
names presented as a single argument, <blank> or comma-separated. Each
variable has a default header. The default header can be overridden by
appending an equals sign and the new text of the header. The rest of
the characters in the argument shall be used as the header text. The
fields specified shall be written in the order specified on the command
line, and should be arranged in columns in the output. The field widths
shall be selected by the system to be at least as wide as the header
text (default or overridden value). If the header text is null, such as
-o user=, the field width shall be at least as wide as the default
header text. If all header text fields are null, no header line shall
be written.
ruser The real user ID of the process. This shall be the textual user
ID, if it can be obtained and the field width permits, or a dec-
imal representation otherwise.
user The effective user ID of the process. This shall be the textual
user ID, if it can be obtained and the field width permits, or a
decimal representation otherwise.
rgroup The real group ID of the process. This shall be the textual
group ID, if it can be obtained and the field width permits, or
a decimal representation otherwise.
group The effective group ID of the process. This shall be the textual
group ID, if it can be obtained and the field width permits, or
a decimal representation otherwise.
pid The decimal value of the process ID.
ppid The decimal value of the parent process ID.
pgid The decimal value of the process group ID.
pcpu The ratio of CPU time used recently to CPU time available in the
same period, expressed as a percentage. The meaning of
"recently" in this context is unspecified. The CPU time avail-
able is determined in an unspecified manner.
vsz The size of the process in (virtual) memory in 1024 byte units
as a decimal integer.
nice The decimal value of the nice value of the process; see nice() .
etime In the POSIX locale, the elapsed time since the process was
started, in the form: [[dd-]hh:]mm:ss
time In the POSIX locale, the cumulative CPU time of the process in
the form: [dd-]hh:mm:ss
tty The name of the controlling terminal of the process (if any) in
the same format used by the who utility.
comm The name of the command being executed ( argv[0] value) as a
string.
args The command with all its arguments as a string. The implementa-
tion may truncate this value to the field width; it is implemen-
tation-defined whether any further truncation occurs. It is
unspecified whether the string represented is a version of the
argument list as it was passed to the command when it started,
or is a version of the arguments as they may have been modified
by the application. Applications cannot depend on being able to
modify their argument list and having that modification be
reflected in the output of ps.
Any field need not be meaningful in all implementations. In such a case
a hyphen ( '-' ) should be output in place of the field value.
Only comm and args shall be allowed to contain <blank>s; all others
shall not.
The following table specifies the default header to be used in the
POSIX locale corresponding to each format specifier.
Format Specifier Default Header Format Specifier Default Header
args COMMAND ppid PPID
comm COMMAND rgroup RGROUP
etime ELAPSED ruser RUSER
group GROUP time TIME
nice NI tty TT
pcpu %CPU user USER
pgid PGID vsz VSZ
pid PID
There is no special quoting mechanism for header text. The header text
is the rest of the argument. If multiple header changes are needed,
multiple -o options can be used, such as:
ps -o "user=User Name" -o pid=Process\ ID
|
