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diff --git a/docs/busybox.net/BusyBox.html b/docs/busybox.net/BusyBox.html deleted file mode 100644 index 86c8191..0000000 --- a/docs/busybox.net/BusyBox.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2492 +0,0 @@ -<HTML> -<HEAD> -<TITLE>BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux</TITLE> -<LINK REV="made" HREF="mailto:none"> -</HEAD> - -<BODY> - -<!-- INDEX BEGIN --> - -<UL> - - <LI><A HREF="#NAME">NAME</A> - <LI><A HREF="#SYNTAX">SYNTAX</A> - <LI><A HREF="#DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</A> - <LI><A HREF="#USAGE">USAGE</A> - <LI><A HREF="#COMMON_OPTIONS">COMMON OPTIONS</A> - <LI><A HREF="#COMMANDS">COMMANDS</A> - <LI><A HREF="#LIBC_NSS">LIBC NSS</A> - <LI><A HREF="#SEE_ALSO">SEE ALSO</A> - <LI><A HREF="#MAINTAINER">MAINTAINER</A> - <LI><A HREF="#AUTHORS">AUTHORS</A> -</UL> -<!-- INDEX END --> - -<HR> -<P> -<H1><A NAME="NAME">NAME</A></H1> -<P> -BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux - -<P> -<HR> -<H1><A NAME="SYNTAX">SYNTAX</A></H1> -<P> -<PRE> BusyBox <function> [arguments...] # or -</PRE> -<P> -<PRE> <function> [arguments...] # if symlinked -</PRE> -<P> -<HR> -<H1><A NAME="DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</A></H1> -<P> -BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single -small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of the -utilities you usually find in fileutils, shellutils, findutils, textutils, -grep, gzip, tar, etc. BusyBox provides a fairly complete POSIX environment -for any small or emdedded system. The utilities in BusyBox generally have -fewer options then their full featured GNU cousins; however, the options -that are included provide the expected functionality and behave very much -like their GNU counterparts. - -<P> -BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in -mind. It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude -commands (or features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize -your embedded systems. To create a working system, just add a kernel, a -shell (such as ash), and an editor (such as elvis-tiny or ae). - -<P> -<HR> -<H1><A NAME="USAGE">USAGE</A></H1> -<P> -When you create a link to BusyBox for the function you wish to use, when -BusyBox is called using that link it will behave as if the command itself -has been invoked. - -<P> -For example, entering - -<P> -<PRE> ln -s ./BusyBox ls - ./ls -</PRE> -<P> -will cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has been compiled -into BusyBox). - -<P> -You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing the command as an argument on the -command line. For example, entering - -<P> -<PRE> ./BusyBox ls -</PRE> -<P> -will also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'. - -<P> -<HR> -<H1><A NAME="COMMON_OPTIONS">COMMON OPTIONS</A></H1> -<P> -Most BusyBox commands support the <STRONG>--help</STRONG> option to provide a terse runtime description of their behavior. - -<P> -<HR> -<H1><A NAME="COMMANDS">COMMANDS</A></H1> -<P> -Currently defined functions include: - -<P> -ar, basename, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, clear, chvt, cp, cut, date, -dd, df, dirname, dmesg, du, dutmp, echo, false, fbset, fdflush, find, free, -freeramdisk, deallocvt, fsck.minix, grep, gunzip, gzip, halt, head, hostid, -hostname, id, init, kill, killall, length, ln, loadacm, loadfont, loadkmap, -logger, logname, ls, lsmod, makedevs, math, mkdir, mkfifo, mkfs.minix, -mknod, mkswap, mktemp, nc, more, mount, mt, mv, nslookup, ping, poweroff, -printf, ps, pwd, reboot, rm, rmdir, rmmod, sed, setkeycodes, sh, sfdisk, -sleep, sort, sync, syslogd, swapon, swapoff, tail, tar, test, tee, touch, -tr, true, tty, umount, uname, uniq, update, uptime, usleep, wc, whoami, -yes, zcat, [ - -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DL> -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_ar">ar</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: ar [optxvV] archive [filenames] - -<P> -Extract or list files from an ar archive. - -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> o preserve original dates - p extract to stdout - t list - x extract - v verbosely list files processed -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_basename">basename</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: basename FILE [SUFFIX] - -<P> -Strips directory path and suffixes from FILE. If specified, also removes -any trailing SUFFIX. - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ basename /usr/local/bin/foo - foo - $ basename /usr/local/bin/ - bin - $ basename /foo/bar.txt .txt - bar -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_cat">cat</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: cat [FILE ...] - -<P> -Concatenates <CODE>FILE(s)</CODE> and prints them to the standard output. - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ cat /proc/uptime - 110716.72 17.67 -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_chgrp">chgrp</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: chgrp [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... - -<P> -Change the group membership of each FILE to GROUP. - -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -R change files and directories recursively -</PRE> -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ ls -l /tmp/foo - -r--r--r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo - $ chgrp root /tmp/foo - $ ls -l /tmp/foo - -r--r--r-- 1 andersen root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_chmod">chmod</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: chmod [<STRONG>-R</STRONG>] MODE[,MODE]... FILE... - -<P> -Changes file access permissions for the specified <CODE>FILE(s)</CODE> (or -directories). Each MODE is defined by combining the letters for WHO has -access to the file, an OPERATOR for selecting how the permissions should be -changed, and a PERISSION for <CODE>FILE(s)</CODE> (or directories). - -<P> -WHO may be chosen from - -<P> -<PRE> u User who owns the file - g Users in the file's Group - o Other users not in the file's group - a All users -</PRE> -<P> -OPERATOR may be chosen from - -<P> -<PRE> + Add a permission - - Remove a permission - = Assign a permission - -PERMISSION may be chosen from -</PRE> -<P> -<PRE> r Read - w Write - x Execute (or access for directories) - s Set user (or group) ID bit - t Stickey bit (for directories prevents removing files by non-owners) -</PRE> -<P> -Alternately, permissions can be set numerically where the first three -numbers are calculated by adding the octal values, such as - -<P> -<PRE> 4 Read - 2 Write - 1 Execute -</PRE> -<P> -An optional fourth digit can also be used to specify - -<P> -<PRE> 4 Set user ID - 2 Set group ID - 1 Stickey bit -</PRE> -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -R Change files and directories recursively. - -Example: -</PRE> -<P> -<PRE> $ ls -l /tmp/foo - -rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo - $ chmod u+x /tmp/foo - $ ls -l /tmp/foo - -rwxrw-r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo* - $ chmod 444 /tmp/foo - $ ls -l /tmp/foo - -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_chown">chown</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: chown [OPTION]... OWNER[<.|:>[GROUP] FILE... - -<P> -Changes the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP. - -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -R Changes files and directories recursively -</PRE> -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ ls -l /tmp/foo - -r--r--r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo - $ chown root /tmp/foo - $ ls -l /tmp/foo - -r--r--r-- 1 root andersen 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo - $ chown root.root /tmp/foo - ls -l /tmp/foo - -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_chroot">chroot</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: chroot NEWROOT [COMMAND...] - -<P> -Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ ls -l /bin/ls - lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 12 Apr 13 00:46 /bin/ls -> /BusyBox - $ mount /dev/hdc1 /mnt -t minix - $ chroot /mnt - $ ls -l /bin/ls - -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 40816 Feb 5 07:45 /bin/ls* -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_clear">clear</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Clears the screen. - -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_chvt">chvt</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: chvt N - -<P> -Changes the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN - -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_cp">cp</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST - -<P> -<PRE> or: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY -</PRE> -<P> -Copies SOURCE to DEST, or multiple <CODE>SOURCE(s)</CODE> to DIRECTORY. - -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -a Same as -dpR - -d Preserves links - -p Preserves file attributes if possable - -R Copies directories recursively -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_cut">cut</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: cut [OPTION]... [FILE]... - -<P> -Prints selected fields from each input FILE to standard output. - -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -b LIST Output only bytes from LIST - -c LIST Output only characters from LIST - -d DELIM Use DELIM instead of tab as the field delimiter - -f N Print only these fields - -n Ignored -</PRE> -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 1 -d ' ' - Hello - $ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 2 -d ' ' - world -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_date">date</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] - -<P> -<PRE> or: date [OPTION] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] -</PRE> -<P> -Displays the current time in the given FORMAT, or sets the system date. - -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -R Outputs RFC-822 compliant date string - -s Sets time described by STRING - -u Prints or sets Coordinated Universal Time -</PRE> -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ date - Wed Apr 12 18:52:41 MDT 2000 -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_dd">dd</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: dd [if=name] [of=name] [bs=n] [count=n] [skip=n] [seek=n] - -<P> -Copy a file, converting and formatting according to options - -<P> -<PRE> if=FILE read from FILE instead of stdin - of=FILE write to FILE instead of stdout - bs=n read and write n bytes at a time - count=n copy only n input blocks - skip=n skip n input blocks - seek=n skip n output blocks -</PRE> -<P> -Numbers may be suffixed by w (x2), k (x1024), b (x512), or M (x1024^2) -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram1 bs=1M count=4 - 4+0 records in - 4+0 records out -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_df">df</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: df [filesystem ...] - -<P> -Prints the filesystem space used and space available. - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ df - Filesystem 1k-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on - /dev/sda3 8690864 8553540 137324 98% / - /dev/sda1 64216 36364 27852 57% /boot - $ df /dev/sda3 - Filesystem 1k-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on - /dev/sda3 8690864 8553540 137324 98% / -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_dirname">dirname</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: dirname NAME - -<P> -Strip non-directory suffix from file name - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ dirname /tmp/foo - /tmp - $ dirname /tmp/foo/ - /tmp -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_dmesg">dmesg</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: dmesg [<STRONG>-c</STRONG>] [<STRONG>-n</STRONG> level] [<STRONG>-s</STRONG> bufsize] Print or controls the kernel ring buffer. - -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_du">du</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: du [OPTION]... [FILE]... - -<P> -Summarize disk space used for each FILE and/or directory. Disk space is -printed in units of 1k (i.e. 1024 bytes). - -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -l count sizes many times if hard linked - -s display only a total for each argument -</PRE> -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ ./BusyBox du - 16 ./CVS - 12 ./kernel-patches/CVS - 80 ./kernel-patches - 12 ./tests/CVS - 36 ./tests - 12 ./scripts/CVS - 16 ./scripts - 12 ./docs/CVS - 104 ./docs - 2417 . - -------------------------------- -</PRE> -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_dutmp">dutmp</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: dutmp [FILE] - -<P> -Dump utmp file format (pipe delimited) from FILE or stdin to stdout. - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ dutmp /var/run/utmp - 8|7||si|||0|0|0|955637625|760097|0 - 2|0|~|~~|reboot||0|0|0|955637625|782235|0 - 1|20020|~|~~|runlevel||0|0|0|955637625|800089|0 - 8|125||l4|||0|0|0|955637629|998367|0 - 6|245|tty1|1|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|998974|0 - 6|246|tty2|2|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|999498|0 - 7|336|pts/0|vt00andersen|andersen|:0.0|0|0|0|955637763|0|0 - -------------------------------- -</PRE> -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_echo">echo</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: echo [-neE] [ARG ...] - -<P> -Prints the specified ARGs to stdout - -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -n suppress trailing newline - -e interpret backslash-escaped characters (i.e. \t=tab etc) - -E disable interpretation of backslash-escaped characters -</PRE> -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ echo "Erik is cool" - Erik is cool - $ echo -e "Erik\nis\ncool" - Erik - is - cool - $ echo "Erik\nis\ncool" - Erik\nis\ncool - -------------------------------- -</PRE> -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_false">false</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Returns an exit code of FALSE (1) - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ false - $ echo $? - 1 -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_fbset">fbset</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: fbset [options] [mode] - -<P> -Show and modify frame buffer device settings - -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -h - -fb - -db - -a - -i - -g - -t - -accel - -hsync - -vsync - -laced - -double -</PRE> -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ fbset - mode "1024x768-76" - # D: 78.653 MHz, H: 59.949 kHz, V: 75.694 Hz - geometry 1024 768 1024 768 16 - timings 12714 128 32 16 4 128 4 - accel false - rgba 5/11,6/5,5/0,0/0 - endmode -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_fdflush">fdflush</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: fdflush device - -<P> -Force floppy disk drive to detect disk change - -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_find">find</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: find [PATH...] [EXPRESSION] - -<P> -Search for files in a directory hierarchy. The default PATH is the current -directory; default EXPRESSION is '-print' - -<P> -EXPRESSION may consist of: - -<P> -<PRE> -follow Dereference symbolic links. - -name PATTERN File name (leading directories removed) matches PATTERN. - -print print the full file name followed by a newline to stdout. -</PRE> -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ find / -name /etc/passwd - /etc/passwd -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_free">free</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: free - -<P> -Displays the amount of free and used system memory. - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ free - total used free shared buffers - Mem: 257628 248724 8904 59644 93124 - Swap: 128516 8404 120112 - Total: 386144 257128 129016 -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_freeramdisk">freeramdisk</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: freeramdisk DEVICE - -<P> -Frees all memory used by the specified ramdisk. - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ freeramdisk /dev/ram2 -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_deallocvt">deallocvt</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: deallocvt N - -<P> -Deallocates unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN - -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_fsck">fsck.minix</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: fsck.minix [<STRONG>-larvsmf</STRONG>] /dev/name - -<P> -Performs a consistency check for MINIX filesystems. - -<P> -OPTIONS: - -<P> -<PRE> -l Lists all filenames - -r Perform interactive repairs - -a Perform automatic repairs - -v verbose - -s Outputs super-block information - -m Activates MINIX-like "mode not cleared" warnings - -f Force file system check. -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_grep">grep</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: grep [OPTIONS]... PATTERN [FILE]... - -<P> -Search for PATTERN in each FILE or standard input. - -<P> -OPTIONS: - -<P> -<PRE> -h suppress the prefixing filename on output - -i ignore case distinctions - -n print line number with output lines - -q be quiet. Returns 0 if result was found, 1 otherwise - -v select non-matching lines -</PRE> -<P> -This version of grep matches full regular expresions. - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ grep root /etc/passwd - root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash - $ grep ^[rR]oo. /etc/passwd - root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_gunzip">gunzip</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: gunzip [OPTION]... FILE - -<P> -Uncompress FILE (or standard input if FILE is '-'). - -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -c Write output to standard output - -t Test compressed file integrity -</PRE> -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox* - -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 557009 Apr 11 10:55 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz - $ gunzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz - $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox* - -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_gzip">gzip</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: gzip [OPTION]... FILE - -<P> -Compress FILE with maximum compression. When FILE is '-', reads standard -input. Implies <STRONG>-c</STRONG>. - -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -c Write output to standard output instead of FILE.gz -</PRE> -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox* - -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar - $ gzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar - $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox* - -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 554058 Apr 14 17:49 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_halt">halt</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: halt - -<P> -This comand halts the system. - -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_head">head</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: head [OPTION] [FILE]... - -<P> -Print first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one -FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or -when FILE is -, read standard input. - -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -n NUM Print first NUM lines instead of first 10 -</PRE> -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ head -n 2 /etc/passwd - root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash - daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_hostid">hostid</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: hostid - -<P> -Prints out a unique 32-bit identifier for the current machine. The 32-bit -identifier is intended to be unique among all UNIX systems in existence. - -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_hostname">hostname</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: hostname [OPTION] {hostname | <STRONG>-F</STRONG> file} - -<P> -Get or set the hostname or DNS domain name. If a hostname is given (or a -file with the <STRONG>-F</STRONG> parameter), the host name will be set. - -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -s Short - -i Addresses for the hostname - -d DNS domain name - -F FILE Use the contents of FILE to specify the hostname -</PRE> -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ hostname - slag -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_id">id</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Print information for USERNAME or the current user - -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -g prints only the group ID - -u prints only the user ID - -r prints the real user ID instead of the effective ID (with -ug) -</PRE> -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ id - uid=1000(andersen) gid=1000(andersen) -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_init">init</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: init - -<P> -Init is the parent of all processes. - -<P> -This version of init is designed to be run only by the kernel. - -<P> -BusyBox init doesn't support multiple runlevels. The runlevels field of the -/etc/inittab file is completely ignored by BusyBox init. If you want -runlevels, use sysvinit. - -<P> -BusyBox init works just fine without an inittab. If no inittab is found, it -has the following default behavior: - -<P> -<PRE> ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS - ::askfirst:/bin/sh -</PRE> -<P> -if it detects that /dev/console is _not_ a serial console, it will also -run: - -<P> -<PRE> tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh -</PRE> -<P> -If you choose to use an /etc/inittab file, the inittab entry format is as -follows: - -<P> -<PRE> <id>:<runlevels>:<action>:<process> -</PRE> -<P> -<PRE> <id>: -</PRE> -<P> -<PRE> WARNING: This field has a non-traditional meaning for BusyBox init! - The id field is used by BusyBox init to specify the controlling tty for - the specified process to run on. The contents of this field are - appended to "/dev/" and used as-is. There is no need for this field to - be unique, although if it isn't you may have strange results. If this - field is left blank, it is completely ignored. Also note that if - BusyBox detects that a serial console is in use, then all entries - containing non-empty id fields will _not_ be run. BusyBox init does - nothing with utmp. We don't need no stinkin' utmp. -</PRE> -<P> -<PRE> <runlevels>: -</PRE> -<P> -<PRE> The runlevels field is completely ignored. -</PRE> -<P> -<PRE> <action>: -</PRE> -<P> -<PRE> Valid actions include: sysinit, respawn, askfirst, wait, - once, and ctrlaltdel. -</PRE> -<P> -<PRE> askfirst acts just like respawn, but before running the specified - process it displays the line "Please press Enter to activate this - console." and then waits for the user to press enter before starting - the specified process. -</PRE> -<P> -<PRE> Unrecognised actions (like initdefault) will cause init to emit - an error message, and then go along with its business. -</PRE> -<P> -<PRE> <process>: -</PRE> -<P> -<PRE> Specifies the process to be executed and it's command line. -</PRE> -<P> -Example /etc/inittab file: - -<P> -<PRE> # This is run first except when booting in single-user mode. - # - ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS -</PRE> -<P> -<PRE> # /bin/sh invocations on selected ttys - # - # Start an "askfirst" shell on the console (whatever that may be) - ::askfirst:/bin/sh - # Start an "askfirst" shell on /dev/tty2 - tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh -</PRE> -<P> -<PRE> # /sbin/getty invocations for selected ttys - # - tty4::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty4 - tty5::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty5 -</PRE> -<P> -<PRE> # Example of how to put a getty on a serial line (for a terminal) - # - #ttyS0::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS0 9600 vt100 - #ttyS1::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS1 9600 vt100 - # - # Example how to put a getty on a modem line. - #ttyS2::respawn:/sbin/getty -x0 -s 57600 ttyS2 -</PRE> -<P> -<PRE> # Stuff to do before rebooting - ::ctrlaltdel:/bin/umount -a -r > /dev/null 2>&1 - ::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/swapoff -a > /dev/null 2>&1 -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_kill">kill</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: kill [<STRONG>-signal</STRONG>] process-id [process-id ...] - -<P> -Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified -<CODE>process(es).</CODE> - -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -l List all signal names and numbers. -</PRE> -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ ps | grep apache - 252 root root S [apache] - 263 www-data www-data S [apache] - 264 www-data www-data S [apache] - 265 www-data www-data S [apache] - 266 www-data www-data S [apache] - 267 www-data www-data S [apache] - $ kill 252 -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_killall">killall</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: killall [<STRONG>-signal</STRONG>] process-name [process-name ...] - -<P> -Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified -<CODE>process(es).</CODE> - -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -l List all signal names and numbers. -</PRE> -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ killall apache -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_length">length</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: length STRING - -<P> -Prints out the length of the specified STRING. - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ length "Hello" - 5 -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_ln">ln</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: ln [OPTION] TARGET... LINK_NAME|DIRECTORY - -<P> -Create a link named LINK_NAME or DIRECTORY to the specified TARGET Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -s make symbolic links instead of hard links - -f remove existing destination files - -Example: -</PRE> -<P> -<PRE> $ ln -s BusyBox /tmp/ls - $ ls -l /tmp/ls - lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Apr 12 18:39 ls -> BusyBox* -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_loadacm">loadacm</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: loadacm - -<P> -Loads an acm from standard input. - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ loadacm < /etc/i18n/acmname -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_loadfont">loadfont</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: loadfont - -<P> -Loads a console font from standard input. - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ loadfont < /etc/i18n/fontname -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_loadkmap">loadkmap</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: loadkmap - -<P> -Loads a binary keyboard translation table from standard input. - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ loadkmap < /etc/i18n/lang-keymap -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_logger">logger</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: logger [OPTION]... [MESSAGE] - -<P> -Write MESSAGE to the system log. If MESSAGE is '-', log stdin. - -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -s Log to stderr as well as the system log. - -t Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name). - -p Enter the message with the specified priority. - This may be numerical or a ``facility.level'' pair. -</PRE> -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ logger "hello" -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_logname">logname</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: logname - -<P> -Print the name of the current user. - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ logname - root -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_ls">ls</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: ls [<STRONG>-1acdelnpuxACF</STRONG>] [filenames...] - -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -a do not hide entries starting with . - -c with -l: show ctime (the time of last - modification of file status information) - -d list directory entries instead of contents - -e list both full date and full time - -l use a long listing format - -n list numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names - -p append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries - -u with -l: show access time (the time of last - access of the file) - -x list entries by lines instead of by columns - -A do not list implied . and .. - -C list entries by columns - -F append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_lsmod">lsmod</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: lsmod - -<P> -Shows a list of all currently loaded kernel modules. - -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_makedevs">makedevs</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: makedevs NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR FIRST LAST [s] - -<P> -Creates a range of block or character special files - -<P> -TYPEs include: - -<P> -<PRE> b: Make a block (buffered) device. - c or u: Make a character (un-buffered) device. - p: Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes. -</PRE> -<P> -FIRST specifies the number appended to NAME to create the first device. -LAST specifies the number of the last item that should be created. If 's' -is the last argument, the base device is created as well. - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ makedevs /dev/ttyS c 4 66 2 63 - [creates ttyS2-ttyS63] - $ makedevs /dev/hda b 3 0 0 8 s - [creates hda,hda1-hda8] -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_math">math</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: math expression ... - -<P> -This is a Tiny RPN calculator that understands the following operations: +, --, /, *, and, or, not, eor. - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ math 2 2 add - 4 - $ math 8 8 \* 2 2 + / - 16 - $ math 0 1 and - 0 - $ math 0 1 or - 1 -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mkdir">mkdir</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: mkdir [OPTION] DIRECTORY... - -<P> -Create the <CODE>DIRECTORY(ies),</CODE> if they do not already exist - -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -m set permission mode (as in chmod), not rwxrwxrwx - umask - -p no error if dir exists, make parent directories as needed -</PRE> -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ mkdir /tmp/foo - $ mkdir /tmp/foo - /tmp/foo: File exists - $ mkdir /tmp/foo/bar/baz - /tmp/foo/bar/baz: No such file or directory - $ mkdir -p /tmp/foo/bar/baz -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mkfifo">mkfifo</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: mkfifo [OPTIONS] name - -<P> -Creates a named pipe (identical to 'mknod name p') - -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -m create the pipe using the specified mode (default a=rw) -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mkfs">mkfs.minix</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: mkfs.minix [<STRONG>-c</STRONG> | <STRONG>-l</STRONG> filename] [<STRONG>-nXX</STRONG>] [<STRONG>-iXX</STRONG>] /dev/name [blocks] - -<P> -Make a MINIX filesystem. - -<P> -OPTIONS: - -<P> -<PRE> -c Check the device for bad blocks - -n [14|30] Specify the maximum length of filenames - -i Specify the number of inodes for the filesystem - -l FILENAME Read the bad blocks list from FILENAME - -v Make a Minix version 2 filesystem -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mknod">mknod</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: mknod [OPTIONS] NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR - -<P> -Create a special file (block, character, or pipe). - -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -m create the special file using the specified mode (default a=rw) -</PRE> -<P> -TYPEs include: b: Make a block (buffered) device. c or u: Make a character -(un-buffered) device. p: Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for -named pipes. - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ mknod /dev/fd0 b 2 0 - $ mknod -m 644 /tmp/pipe p -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mkswap">mkswap</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: mkswap [<STRONG>-c</STRONG>] [<STRONG>-v0</STRONG>|<STRONG>-v1</STRONG>] device [block-count] - -<P> -Prepare a disk partition to be used as a swap partition. - -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -c Check for read-ability. - -v0 Make version 0 swap [max 128 Megs]. - -v1 Make version 1 swap [big!] (default for kernels > 2.1.117). - block-count Number of block to use (default is entire partition). -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mktemp">mktemp</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: mktemp [<STRONG>-q</STRONG>] TEMPLATE - -<P> -Creates a temporary file with its name based on TEMPLATE. TEMPLATE is any -name with six `Xs' (i.e. /tmp/temp.XXXXXX). - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ mktemp /tmp/temp.XXXXXX - /tmp/temp.mWiLjM - $ ls -la /tmp/temp.mWiLjM - -rw------- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 25 17:10 /tmp/temp.mWiLjM -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_nc">nc</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: nc [IP] [port] - -<P> -Netcat opens a pipe to IP:port - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ nc foobar.somedomain.com 25 - 220 foobar ESMTP Exim 3.12 #1 Sat, 15 Apr 2000 00:03:02 -0600 - help - 214-Commands supported: - 214- HELO EHLO MAIL RCPT DATA AUTH - 214 NOOP QUIT RSET HELP - quit - 221 foobar closing connection - -------------------------------- -</PRE> -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_more">more</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: more [file ...] - -<P> -More is a filter for paging through text one screenful at a time. - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ dmesg | more -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mount">mount</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: mount [flags] mount [flags] device directory [<STRONG>-o</STRONG> options,more-options] - -<P> -Flags: - -<P> -<PRE> -a: Mount all file systems in fstab. - -o option: One of many filesystem options, listed below. - -r: Mount the filesystem read-only. - -t fs-type: Specify the filesystem type. - -w: Mount for reading and writing (default). -</PRE> -<P> -Options for use with the ``<STRONG>-o</STRONG>'' flag: - -<P> -<PRE> async/sync: Writes are asynchronous / synchronous. - atime/noatime: Enable / disable updates to inode access times. - dev/nodev: Allow use of special device files / disallow them. - exec/noexec: Allow use of executable files / disallow them. - loop: Mounts a file via loop device. - suid/nosuid: Allow set-user-id-root programs / disallow them. - remount: Re-mount a currently-mounted filesystem, changing its flags. - ro/rw: Mount for read-only / read-write. - There are EVEN MORE flags that are specific to each filesystem. - You'll have to see the written documentation for those. -</PRE> -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ mount - /dev/hda3 on / type minix (rw) - proc on /proc type proc (rw) - devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw) - $ mount /dev/fd0 /mnt -t msdos -o ro - $ mount /tmp/diskimage /opt -t ext2 -o loop -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mt">mt</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: mt [<STRONG>-f</STRONG> device] opcode value - -<P> -Control magnetic tape drive operation - -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mv">mv</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: mv SOURCE DEST - -<P> -<PRE> or: mv SOURCE... DIRECTORY -</PRE> -<P> -Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move <CODE>SOURCE(s)</CODE> to DIRECTORY. - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ mv /tmp/foo /bin/bar -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_nslookup">nslookup</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: nslookup [HOST] - -<P> -Queries the nameserver for the IP address of the given HOST - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ nslookup localhost - Server: default - Address: default -</PRE> -<P> -<PRE> Name: debian - Address: 127.0.0.1 -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_ping">ping</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: ping [OPTION]... host - -<P> -Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts. - -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -c COUNT Send only COUNT pings. - -q Quiet mode, only displays output at start - and when finished. -Example: -</PRE> -<P> -<PRE> $ ping localhost - PING slag (127.0.0.1): 56 data bytes - 64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=20.1 ms -</PRE> -<P> -<PRE> --- debian ping statistics --- - 1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss - round-trip min/avg/max = 20.1/20.1/20.1 ms -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_poweroff">poweroff</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Shuts down the system, and requests that the kernel turn off power upon -halting. - -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_printf">printf</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: printf format [argument...] - -<P> -Formats and prints the given data in a manner similar to the C printf -command. - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ printf "Val=%d\n" 5 - Val=5 -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_ps">ps</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: ps - -<P> -Report process status - -<P> -This version of ps accepts no options. - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ ps - PID Uid Gid State Command - 1 root root S init - 2 root root S [kflushd] - 3 root root S [kupdate] - 4 root root S [kpiod] - 5 root root S [kswapd] - 742 andersen andersen S [bash] - 743 andersen andersen S -bash - 745 root root S [getty] - 2990 andersen andersen R ps -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_pwd">pwd</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Prints the full filename of the current working directory. - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ pwd - /root -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_reboot">reboot</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Instructs the kernel to reboot the system. - -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_rm">rm</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: rm [OPTION]... FILE... - -<P> -Remove (unlink) the <CODE>FILE(s).</CODE> - -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -f remove existing destinations, never prompt - -r or -R remove the contents of directories recursively -</PRE> -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ rm -rf /tmp/foo -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_rmdir">rmdir</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: rmdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... - -<P> -Remove the <CODE>DIRECTORY(ies),</CODE> if they are empty. - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> # rmdir /tmp/foo -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_rmmod">rmmod</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: rmmod [OPTION]... [MODULE]... - -<P> -Unloads the specified kernel modules from the kernel. - -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -a Try to remove all unused kernel modules. -</PRE> -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ rmmod tulip -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_sed">sed</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: sed [<STRONG>-n</STRONG>] <STRONG>-e</STRONG> script [file...] - -<P> -Allowed sed scripts come in the following form: - -<P> -<PRE> 'ADDR [!] COMMAND' -</PRE> -<P> -<PRE> where address ADDR can be: - NUMBER Match specified line number - $ Match last line - /REGEXP/ Match specified regexp - (! inverts the meaning of the match) -</PRE> -<P> -<PRE> and COMMAND can be: - s/regexp/replacement/[igp] - which attempt to match regexp against the pattern space - and if successful replaces the matched portion with replacement. -</PRE> -<P> -<PRE> aTEXT - which appends TEXT after the pattern space -</PRE> -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -e add the script to the commands to be executed - -n suppress automatic printing of pattern space -</PRE> -<P> -This version of sed matches full regular expresions. - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ echo "foo" | sed -e 's/f[a-zA-Z]o/bar/g' - bar -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_setkeycodes">setkeycodes</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: setkeycodes SCANCODE KEYCODE ... - -<P> -Set entries into the kernel's scancode-to-keycode map, allowing unusual -keyboards to generate usable keycodes. - -<P> -SCANCODE may be either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal), and KEYCODE is given in -decimal - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> # setkeycodes e030 127 -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_sh">sh</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: sh - -<P> -lash -- the BusyBox LAme SHell (command interpreter) - -<P> -This command does not yet have proper documentation. - -<P> -Use lash just as you would use any other shell. It properly handles pipes, -redirects, job control, can be used as the shell for scripts (#!/bin/sh), -and has a sufficient set of builtins to do what is needed. It does not -(yet) support Bourne Shell syntax. If you need things like -``if-then-else'', ``while'', and such, use ash or bash. If you just need a -very simple and extremely small shell, this will do the job. - -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_sfdisk">sfdisk</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: sfdisk [options] device ... - -<P> -device: something like /dev/hda or /dev/sda - -<P> -useful options: - -<P> -<PRE> -s [or --show-size]: list size of a partition - -c [or --id]: print or change partition Id - -l [or --list]: list partitions of each device - -d [or --dump]: idem, but in a format suitable for later input - -i [or --increment]: number cylinders etc. from 1 instead of from 0 - -uS, -uB, -uC, -uM: accept/report in units of sectors/blocks/cylinders/MB - -T [or --list-types]:list the known partition types - -D [or --DOS]: for DOS-compatibility: waste a little space - -R [or --re-read]: make kernel reread partition table - -N# : change only the partition with number # - -n : do not actually write to disk - -O file : save the sectors that will be overwritten to file - -I file : restore these sectors again - -v [or --version]: print version - -? [or --help]: print this message -</PRE> -<P> -dangerous options: - -<P> -<PRE> -g [or --show-geometry]: print the kernel's idea of the geometry - -x [or --show-extended]: also list extended partitions on output -</PRE> -<P> -<PRE> or expect descriptors for them on input - -L [or --Linux]: do not complain about things irrelevant for Linux - -q [or --quiet]: suppress warning messages - You can override the detected geometry using: - -C# [or --cylinders #]:set the number of cylinders to use - -H# [or --heads #]: set the number of heads to use - -S# [or --sectors #]: set the number of sectors to use -</PRE> -<P> -You can disable all consistency checking with: - -<P> -<PRE> -f [or --force]: do what I say, even if it is stupid -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_sleep">sleep</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: sleep N - -<P> -Pause for N seconds. - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ sleep 2 - [2 second delay results] -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_sort">sort</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: sort [<STRONG>-n</STRONG>] [<STRONG>-r</STRONG>] [FILE]... - -<P> -Sorts lines of text in the specified files - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ echo -e "e\nf\nb\nd\nc\na" | sort - a - b - c - d - e - f -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_sync">sync</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: sync - -<P> -Write all buffered filesystem blocks to disk. - -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_syslogd">syslogd</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: syslogd [OPTION]... - -<P> -Linux system and kernel (provides klogd) logging utility. Note that this -version of syslogd/klogd ignores /etc/syslog.conf. - -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -m Change the mark timestamp interval. default=20min. 0=off - -n Do not fork into the background (for when run by init) - -K Do not start up the klogd process (by default syslogd spawns klogd). - -O Specify an alternate log file. default=/var/log/messages -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_swapon">swapon</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: swapon [OPTION] [device] - -<P> -Start swapping virtual memory pages on the given device. - -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -a Start swapping on all swap devices -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_swapoff">swapoff</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: swapoff [OPTION] [device] - -<P> -Stop swapping virtual memory pages on the given device. - -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -a Stop swapping on all swap devices -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_tail">tail</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: tail [OPTION] [FILE]... - -<P> -Print last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one -FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or -when FILE is -, read standard input. - -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -n NUM Print last NUM lines instead of first 10 - -f Output data as the file grows. This version - of 'tail -f' supports only one file at a time. -</PRE> -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ tail -n 1 /etc/resolv.conf - nameserver 10.0.0.1 -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_tar">tar</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: tar -[cxtvO] [<STRONG>--exclude</STRONG> File] [<STRONG>-f</STRONG> tarFile] [FILE] ... - -<P> -Create, extract, or list files from a tar file. Note that this version of -tar treats hard links as separate files. - -<P> -Main operation mode: - -<P> -<PRE> c create - x extract - t list -</PRE> -<P> -File selection: - -<P> -<PRE> f name of tarfile or "-" for stdin - O extract to stdout - --exclude file to exclude -</PRE> -<P> -Informative output: - -<P> -<PRE> v verbosely list files processed -</PRE> -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ zcat /tmp/tarball.tar.gz | tar -xf - - $ tar -cf /tmp/tarball.tar /usr/local -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_test">test, [</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: test EXPRESSION or [ EXPRESSION ] - -<P> -Checks file types and compares values returning an exit code determined by -the value of EXPRESSION. - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ test 1 -eq 2 - $ echo $? - 1 - $ test 1 -eq 1 - $ echo $? - 0 - $ [ -d /etc ] - $ echo $? - 0 - $ [ -d /junk ] - $ echo $? - 1 -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_tee">tee</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: tee [OPTION]... [FILE]... - -<P> -Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output. - -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -a append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite -</PRE> -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ echo "Hello" | tee /tmp/foo - $ cat /tmp/foo - Hello -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_touch">touch</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: touch [<STRONG>-c</STRONG>] file [file ...] - -<P> -Update the last-modified date on (or create) the selected file[s]. - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ ls -l /tmp/foo - /bin/ls: /tmp/foo: No such file or directory - $ touch /tmp/foo - $ ls -l /tmp/foo - -rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 15 01:11 /tmp/foo -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_tr">tr</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: tr [-cds] STRING1 [STRING2] - -<P> -Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input, writing -to standard output. - -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -c take complement of STRING1 - -d delete input characters coded STRING1 - -s squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character -</PRE> -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ echo "gdkkn vnqkc" | tr [a-y] [b-z] - hello world -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_true">true</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Returns an exit code of TRUE (0) - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ true - $ echo $? - 0 -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_tty">tty</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: tty - -<P> -Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input. - -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -s print nothing, only return an exit status -</PRE> -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ tty - /dev/tty2 -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_umount">umount</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: umount [flags] filesystem|directory - -<P> -Flags: - -<P> -<PRE> -a: Unmount all file systems - -r: Try to remount devices as read-only if mount is busy - -f: Force filesystem umount (i.e. unreachable NFS server) - -l: Do not free loop device (if a loop device has been used) -</PRE> -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ umount /dev/hdc1 -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_uname">uname</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: uname [OPTION]... - -<P> -Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as <STRONG>-s</STRONG>. - -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -a print all information - -m the machine (hardware) type - -n print the machine's network node hostname - -r print the operating system release - -s print the operating system name - -p print the host processor type - -v print the operating system version -</PRE> -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ uname -a - Linux debian 2.2.15pre13 #5 Tue Mar 14 16:03:50 MST 2000 i686 unknown -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_uniq">uniq</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: uniq [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] - -<P> -Discard all but one of successive identical lines from INPUT (or standard -input), writing to OUTPUT (or standard output). - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ echo -e "a\na\nb\nc\nc\na" | sort | uniq - a - b - c -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_update">update</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: update [options] - -<P> -Periodically flushes filesystem buffers. - -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -S force use of sync(2) instead of flushing - -s SECS call sync this often (default 30) - -f SECS flush some buffers this often (default 5) -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_uptime">uptime</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: uptime - -<P> -Tells how long the system has been running since boot. - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ uptime - 1:55pm up 2:30, load average: 0.09, 0.04, 0.00 -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_usleep">usleep</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: usleep N - -<P> -Pauses for N microseconds. - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ usleep 1000000 - [pauses for 1 second] -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_wc">wc</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: wc [OPTION]... [FILE]... - -<P> -Print line, word, and byte counts for each FILE, and a total line if more -than one FILE is specified. With no FILE, read standard input. - -<P> -Options: - -<P> -<PRE> -c print the byte counts - -l print the newline counts - -L print the length of the longest line - -w print the word counts -</PRE> -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ wc /etc/passwd - 31 46 1365 /etc/passwd -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_whoami">whoami</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: whoami - -<P> -Prints the user name associated with the current effective user id. - -<P> -Example: - -<P> -<PRE> $ whoami - andersen -</PRE> -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_yes">yes</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -Usage: yes [OPTION]... [STRING]... - -<P> -Repeatedly outputs a line with all specified <CODE>STRING(s),</CODE> or -`y'. - -<P> -------------------------------- - -<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_zcat">zcat</A></STRONG><DD> -<P> -This is essentially an alias for invoking ``gunzip <STRONG>-c</STRONG>'', where it decompresses the file inquestion and send the output to -stdout. - -<P> -------------------------------- - -</DL> -<P> -<HR> -<H1><A NAME="LIBC_NSS">LIBC NSS</A></H1> -<P> -GNU Libc uses the Name Service Switch (NSS) to configure the behavior of -the C library for the local environment, and to configure how it reads -system data, such as passwords and group information. BusyBox has made it -Policy that it will never use NSS, and will never use and libc calls that -make use of NSS. This allows you to run an embedded system without the need -for installing an /etc/nsswitch.conf file and without and /lib/libnss_* -libraries installed. - -<P> -If you are using a system that is using a remote LDAP server for -authentication via GNU libc NSS, and you want to use BusyBox, then you will -need to adjust the BusyBox source. Chances are though, that if you have -enough space to install of that stuff on your system, then you probably -want the full GNU utilities. - -<P> -<HR> -<H1><A NAME="SEE_ALSO">SEE ALSO</A></H1> -<P> -<CODE>textutils(1),</CODE> <CODE>shellutils(1),</CODE> etc... - -<P> -<HR> -<H1><A NAME="MAINTAINER">MAINTAINER</A></H1> -<P> -Erik Andersen <<A -HREF="mailto:andersee@debian.org">andersee@debian.org</A>> <<A -HREF="mailto:andersen@lineo.com">andersen@lineo.com</A>> - -<P> -<HR> -<H1><A NAME="AUTHORS">AUTHORS</A></H1> -<P> -The following people have contributed code to BusyBox whether they know it -or not. - -<P> -Erik Andersen <<A -HREF="mailto:andersee@debian.org">andersee@debian.org</A>> - -<br> - -<P> -John Beppu <<A HREF="mailto:beppu@lineo.com">beppu@lineo.com</A>> - -<br> - -<P> -Brian Candler <<A -HREF="mailto:B.Candler@pobox.com">B.Candler@pobox.com</A>> - -<br> - -<P> -Randolph Chung <<A -HREF="mailto:tausq@debian.org">tausq@debian.org</A>> - -<br> - -<P> -Dave Cinege <<A -HREF="mailto:dcinege@psychosis.com">dcinege@psychosis.com</A>> - -<br> - -<P> -Karl M. Hegbloom <<A -HREF="mailto:karlheg@debian.org">karlheg@debian.org</A>> - -<br> - -<P> -John Lombardo <<A -HREF="mailto:john@deltanet.com">john@deltanet.com</A>> - -<br> - -<P> -Glenn McGrath <<A -HREF="mailto:bug1@netconnect.com.au">bug1@netconnect.com.au</A>> - -<br> - -<P> -Bruce Perens <<A HREF="mailto:bruce@perens.com">bruce@perens.com</A>> - -<br> - -<P> -Pavel Roskin <<A -HREF="mailto:pavel_roskin@geocities.com">pavel_roskin@geocities.com</A>> - -<br> - -<P> -Linus Torvalds <<A -HREF="mailto:torvalds@transmeta.com">torvalds@transmeta.com</A>> - -<br> - -<P> -Charles P. Wright <<A -HREF="mailto:cpwright@villagenet.com">cpwright@villagenet.com</A>> - -<br> - -<P> -Enrique Zanardi <<A -HREF="mailto:ezanardi@ull.es">ezanardi@ull.es</A>> - -<br> - -</BODY> - -</HTML> |